Range in California: Orange
Click the map for a guide
to the other subspecies.
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Adult, San Mateo County |
Adult, San Mateo County |
Adult, San Mateo County |
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Adult, San Mateo County |
Adult, San Mateo County |
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Adult, San Mateo County |
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Underside of adult, San Mateo County |
Adult, San Mateo County
© Patrick Briggs
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Juvenile, San Mateo County
© Patrick Briggs |
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| Adult, San Mateo County © Ed Dickie |
1996 postage stamp from the Endangered Species series |
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Habitat, San Mateo County |
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Description |
Nonvenomous |
| Gartersnakes have toxins in their saliva which can be deadly to their prey and their bite might produce an unpleasant reaction in humans, but they are not considered dangerous to humans. |
| Size |
| Adults of this species measure 18 - 55 inches in length (46 - 140 cm), but the average size is under 36 inches (91 cm). |
| Appearance |
| A medium-sized snake with a head barely wider than the neck and keeled dorsal scales. Robert Stebbins calls this snake "One of the most beautiful serpents in North America." A wide blue-green or greenish yellow dorsal stripe is bordered with black stripes. Below the black stripe is a continuous red stripe, bordered below by another black stripe. Below that is a bluish or greenish yellow lateral stripe. There may also be a thin line of black below the lateral stripe on the edge of the belly. The underside is bluish-green. Occasionally, the red stripes may be broken with black, similar to T. s. infernalis. The head is red, with eyes that are relatively larged compared with other gartersnake species. |
| Behavior |
| Primarily active during daylight. A good swimmer. Often escapes into water when threatened. When first handled, typical of gartersnakes, this snake often releases cloacal contents and musk, and strikes. The species T. sirtalis is capable of activity at lower temperatures than other species of North American snake. |
| Diet |
| Eats a wide variety of prey, including amphibians and their larvae, fish, birds, and their eggs, small mammals, reptiles, earthworms, slugs, and leeches. This snake is able to eat adult Pacific newts (Taricha) which are deadly poisonous to most predators. |
| Reproduction |
| Mating occurs in the spring (and possibly the fall ) and young are born live, spring to fall. |
| Range |
This subspecies is endemic to California.
Found on the San Francisco peninsula from near the southern San Francisco County line south to Ano Nuevo in San Mateo County. (There is also a record from Rancho del Oso state park in Santa Cruz County.)
T. sirtalis has the largest distribution of any gartersnake, ranging from the east coast to the west coast and north into Canada, farther north than any other species of snake in North America. |
| Habitat |
| Utilizes a wide variety of habitats, preferring grasslands or wetlands near ponds, marshes and sloughs. May overwinter in upland areas away from water. |
| Taxonomic Notes |
In 1995, Doug Rossman and Jeff Boundy re-named the Thamnophis sirtalis found on the San Francisco Peninsula T. s. infernalis, (removing the name T. s. tetrataenia, but recognizing that the snakes were still subspecifically distinct), and lumped the coastal T. sirtalis with T. s. concinnus. This taxonomy is shown on the range map in the 1996 book, The Garter Snakes - Evolution and Ecology 1. In 1998, Sean Barry and Mark Jennings petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to restore the previous nomenclature 2. With no opposition from Boundy or Rossman, the ICZN agreed to restore the name T. s. tetrataenia to snakes on the San Francisco peninsula 3. Nevertheless, some authors either missed the restoration of this nomenclature or chose to ignore it, and their work still reflects Rossman and Boundy's nomenclature.
(Thanks to Sean Barry for this clarification) |
| Conservation Issues (Conservation Status) |
| Listed as endangered by the state and by the federal government. The habitat of this snake has declined severely due to urban development and agricultural land use and altering of the waterways needed by this snake. These habitat changes have also reduced populations of one of this snake's food sources, the California Red-legged Frog. Some authorities believe that the remaining fragmented populations of this snake could be further threatened by overcollecting for the pet trade. San Francisco Gartersnakes are popular pets in Europe, where it is possible that there are more of these snakes than there are in the wild in California. |
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Taxonomy |
| Family |
Colubridae |
Colubrids |
| Genus |
Thamnophis |
North American Gartersnakes |
| Species |
sirtalis |
Common Gartersnake |
Subspecies
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tetrataenia |
San Francisco Gartersnake |
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Original Description |
Thamnophis sirtalis - (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 222
Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia - (Cope, 1875) - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 546
from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
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Meaning of the Scientific Name |
Thamnophis - Greek - thamnos - shrub or bush, and ophis - snake, serpent
sirtalis - sirtalis, like a garter - probably refers to the to striped pattern
tetrataenia - Greek - tetra - four, and Latin - taenia - stripes or bands, refers to the dorsal color areas
from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
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Alternate Names |
T. s. infernalis - see Taxonomic Notes above.
Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia
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Other California Gartersnakes |
T. a. atratus - Santa Cruz Gartersnake
T. a. hydrophilus - Oregon Gartersnake
T. a. zaxanthus - Diablo Range Gartersnake
T. couchii - Sierra Gartersnake
T. gigas - Giant Gartersnake
T. e. elegans - Mountain Gartersnake
T. e. terrestris - Coast Gartersnake
T. e. vagrans - Wandering Gartersnake
T. hammondii - Two-striped Gartersnake
T. m. marcianus - Marcy's Checkered Gartersnake
T. ordinoides - Northwestern Gartersnake
T. s. fitchi - Valley Gartersnake
T. s. infernalis - California Red-sided Gartersnake
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More Information and References |
Natureserve Explorer
California Dept. of Fish and Game
Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Behler, John L., & F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Bartlett, R.D. , & Alan Tennant. Snakes of North America - Western Region. Gulf Publishing Co., 2000.
Ernst, Carl H., Evelyn M. Ernst, & Robert M. Corker. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003.
Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press.
Brown, Philip R. A Field Guide to Snakes of California. Gulf Publishing Co., 1997.
Thelander, C. G., ed. Life on the Edge: A Guide to California's Endangered Natural Resources Volume I: Wildlife.
Santa Cruz, California, Biosystems Books, 1994.
1 Rossman, Douglas A., Neil B, Ford, & Richard A. Siegel. The Garter Snakes - Evolution and Ecology. University of Oklahoma press, 1996.
2 Barry, Sean J., and Mark R. Jennings. 1998. Coluber infernalis Blainville 1835 and Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope in Yarrow, 1875 (currently Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis and T. s. tetrataenia; Reptilia: Squamata): proposed conservation of the subspecific names by the designation of a neotype for T. s. infernalis. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 55: 224-228.
3 CZN 2000. Opinion 1961. Coluber infernalis Blainville 1835 and Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope in Yarrow, 1875 (currently Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis and T. s. tetrataenia; Reptilia: Squamata): conservation of the subspecific names by the designation of a neotype for T. s. infernalis. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 57: 191-192.
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The following status listings come from the Special Animals List which is published several times each year by the California Department of Fish and Game.
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Organization
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Status Listing
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| U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
FE |
Endangered |
| California Endangered Species Act (CESA) |
SE |
Endangered |
| California Department of Fish and Game |
DFG:FP |
Fully Protected |
| Bureau of Land Management |
None |
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| USDA Forest Service |
None |
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| Natureserve Global Conservation Status Ranks |
G5 |
Secure |
World Conservation Union - IUCN Red List
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None |
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