A Guide to the Amphibians
and Reptiles of California

Crotalus oreganus oreganus - Northern Pacific Rattlesnake

(=Crotalus oreganus)

Click on a picture for a larger view

Range in California: Red

Click the map for a guide
to the other subspecies.

Rattlesnake Sounds and Video

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Venomous and Potentially Dangerous!

Adult, Contra Costa County

Adult, Fresno County

Adult, Yuba County

Adult, Contra Costa County

Adult in basking spot, San Joaquin County

Breeding Adults discovered under a piece of tin, San Joaquin County

Adult, Santa Cruz County

Adult, San Joaquin County

Adult, Alameda County

Adult, Napa County

Adult, Del Norte County © Alan Barron

Adult, Mare Island, Solano County

Adult, 6,200 ft., Tuolumne County

Adult, 5,600 ft., Tuolumne County

Adult, San Joaquin County
© Chad Lane

Greenish adult, Lake County.
© Lawrence Anderson

Adult, Sutter Buttes, Sutter County.
© Jackson Shedd.
Specimen courtesy of Eric Olson.

Adult, Shasta County © Richard Gentile

Adult, Santa Clara County © John Worden

Sub-adult, Santa Cruz County.
© Norbert Fanjat

Adult, Santa Clara County
© Leo Gomez

Adult, Fresno County
© Patrick Briggs

Adult in Yosemite National Park
© Kenneth D. Cohn

Adult, 8280 ft., Tulare County.
© Scott Wiley

Intergrade with C. o. helleri , Santa Barbara County © Benjamin German

Sub-adult, Placer County © Tyler Young

Adult, Placer County © Tyler Young

Adult, Siskiyou County © Doug Jeffries

Adult Tail and Rattle

Old rattlesnakes, especially those in captivity such as this one in a museum in Bend, Oregon, often have a very long string of rattles.

Juveniles

Juvenile, San Luis Obispo County

Juvenile, Placer County

Juvenile, Santa Cruz County

Juvenile, Sonoma County
© Roman Duellge

Juvenile, Kings County

Juvenile, San Joaquin County

Juvenile, San Benito County

Juvenile, Alameda County

Tiny juvenile, Mare Island, Solano County

Tiny juvenile with one rattle button, Stanislaus County © Chris Glover

Juvenile, Placer County © Tyler Young

Juvenile, San Luis Obispo County
© Nate Smith

Unusual or Interesting Color and Pattern Variations

This unusually-patterned snake from coastal dunes in San Luis Obispo County has a mostly patternless body with a pale dorsal stripe (similar to a garter snake) and the usual rings around the tail. © Kevin Crouch

This juvenile rattlesnake with a very wide dorsal stripe and not a trace of a pattern or banding on the tail was found shot, killed, and decapitated in the San Antonio Valley in southern Monterey County. (Some of the gore has been censored in one of the enlarged versions.) © Patricia Woodfill

Very dark adult from western Kern County © Mike Waters

A patternless green adult from Santa Cruz County © Ben Witzke

Oddly-patterned juvenile from western Kern County © Mike Waters

Adult, San Mateo County, ready to shed - showing very little contrast in its pattern. © Melissa Amarello

Adult, 8280 ft., Tulare County.
© Ken D. Wiley

Adult, Kern Plateau, Kern County
© Sam Wilson

Patternless adult, Contra Costa County
© Ameet Zaveri

Breeding Males in Combat

Two males in a wrestling match over a female in late April in Santa Clara County. The shot on the far right shows a snake on the ground, probably the female, with one of the males above her. During the action, a third male also entered the scene, which is not shown here. © Holly Lane

Two males in combat near Big Sur in Monterey County in early August. © Melissa Witte

Eating

Adult eating a rodent, Kern County. © Renee Simpson

A large adult eating an even larger rabbit in Sonoma County. © Chris Arai

Predation

California Kingsnakes eat snakes along with other animals. They are immune to rattlesnake venom, so they
sometimes eat rattlesnakes. This one is eating a juvenile Southern Pacific Rattlesnake. © Kimberly Deutsch

This California Kingsnake is almost finished eating a juvenile Northern Pacific Rattlesnake. © Michele Coughlin

A California Striped Racer - Coluber lateralis lateralis, eats a juvenile Southern Pacific Rattlesnake - Crotalus oreganus helleri, in Los Angeles County. © Anthony

This Sierra Mountain Kingsnake is eating a juvenile
Northern Pacific Rattlesnake, © Patrick Briggs

Variations in Appearance Near the Southern Range Limit

C. o. oreganus near its southern range limit is variable in appearance, sometimes with markings similar to C. o. lutosus. Identification of rattlesnakes found in this region can be confusing and open to debate. I have received several comments that I might have mis-identified snakes from this region - that they could be intergrades or hybrids, or that the Kern County snake depicted below left is actually C. o. lutosus. However, it is a C. o. oreganus, based on appearance, location, and some preliminary genetics work that has been done in the area. The Inyo county rattlesnake depicted below right from the southern Sierras has been identified by various viewers of the photo as C. o. oreganus or C. o. lutosus, or as a young Panamint Rattlesnake - Crotalus stephensi which is what it is.

Rumors of C. oreganus x C. mitchelli stephensi hybrids have not yet been confirmed by genetic analysis. Some of these controversies should be resolved when the results of further studies on these species are published.

According to herpetologist Robert Hansen, who has studied in depth the reptiles and amphibians of the Southern Sierra Nevada Mountains and the surrounding regions: "Among populations of "oreganus" inhabiting arid landscapes near their southern range limits (e.g., southern San Joaquin Valley, Carrizo Plain), there is a tendency toward small size, light ground color, and reduced dorsal blotch size...features that cause these snakes to superficially resemble lutosus."..."The southern extent of the range of lutosus in eastern California (e.g., the Mono/Inyo counties region) has been mapped in reasonable detail, and thus far, there are no known instances where the ranges of oreganus and lutosus come into contact.
However, farther north, where the Sierra Nevada crest is much lower and the potential for populations of oreganus and lutosus to meet is likely greater, careful field studies are lacking. Ultimately, reliance on features of coloration and pattern to distinguish one form from the other in areas of potential contact is not advised."

Adult, Greenhorn Mountains, Kern County

Robert Herndon found this adult snake near Three Rivers in Tulare County.
© Robert Herndon

Panamint Rattlesnake - Crotalus stephensi, Inyo County © Carl Brune

Habitat

Habitat, San Joaquin County

Habitat, Alameda County

Habitat, Contra Costa County

Habitat, Alameda County

Habitat, Contra Costa County

Habitat, Yuba County

Habitat, Mare Island, Solano County

Habitat, Fresno County

Habitat, Kings County

Adult, basking at ege of a den (a deep crack in a large boulder) in early March, Kern County

Habitat, 5,600 ft., Tuolumne County

Habitat, Kern County

Habitat, 5,400 ft. Sierra Nevada Mountains, Kern County

Short Videos and Sounds

A Northern Pacific Rattlesnake crossed a mountain road on a windy spring morning in Contra Costa County then coiled defensively at the edge of the road. Concerned with my presence a few yards away, it is seen here sensing the air with its tongue and rattling its tail, then pausing to watch a bicycle speed down the road, then rattling some more.

A juvenile rattlesnake rattles and crawls off a road in the foothills of Fresno County in early Fall.

A Northern Pacific Rattlesnake rattles its tail.

The snake here is seen slowly following a snake hook with curiosity, not aggression. The hook had been used earlier to pick up a breeding pair of snakes, and we decided that this one was probably a male that smelled the scent of the breeding female on the hook.

Most rattlesnakes will do exactly what this one did when I encountered it in the late afternoon on a mountain road - turn and crawl quickly away, with a little rattling thrown in as a warning. Rattlesnakes are often depicted in fiction as aggressors, leaping and striking viciously, often for no reason other than to give the hero an excuse to kill it to prove himself. The truth is that rattlesnakes are almost always defensive, not offensive, when they encounter humans, wanting nothing more than to escape, and the least heroic thing someone can do is to automatically kill them.

This video begins with a squirrel's high-pitched alarm call coming from a large group of shrubs in the Sierra Nevada mountains. When I got closer the squirrel ran away and I saw this rattlesnake climbing down a branch then farther back into the bushes. Later, after the camera batteries died, the snake returned and crawled outside the shrubs while the squirrel called and ran around outside the bushes near the snake, but outside of its striking range.

A Northern Pacific Rattlesnake in the Sierra Nevada mountains crawls into a crack and shakes its tail.

Listen to a Northern Pacific Rattlesnake rattling.

Click on the picture to see more
rattlesnake signs.

Rattlesnakes are important members of the natural community. They will not attack, but if disturbed or cornered, they will defend themselves. Reasonable watchfulness should be sufficient to avoid snakebite. Give them distance and respect.

Rattlesnake bites can be extremely dangerous, but unlike the popular depiction of rattlesnakes in the media and folklore, they should not be considered vicious and aggressive. The display we often see in pictures and film, with the body partly coiled, the tail rattling loudly, and the head up ready to strike, is a defensive stance, used when they feel that crawling away to safety is a danger to them. This display is a warning not to come any closer or they will strike. When given some space and the chance to escape to a safe place, they will do so quickly rather than attack.

Rattlesnakes often use their cryptic color and pattern to blend into their surroundings to hide from other animals that could threaten them. They lie still to avoid detection and do not rattle, because that would give away their location. At other times they rattle readily, sometimes from a good distance, to warn potential enemies of their presence. In both cases they are doing everything they can to avoid confrontation and to avoid striking and biting and using up their valuable supply of venom.

Description

Venomous

The venom of this snake is potentially dangerous to humans.

Size

Adults 15 - 36 inches long, ( 38 - 91 cm) sometimes up to 48 inches (121 cm) with 60 inches being the longest (151 cm).

Appearance

A heavy-bodied, venomous pit viper, with a thin neck and a large triangular head. Pupils are elliptical. Scales are keeled. Usually with a light stripe extending diagonally from behind the eye to the corner of the mouth.

The ground color is variable, matching the environment - olive-green, gray, brown, golden, reddish brown, yellowish, or tan. Dorsal blotches on the front 2/3 of the body, change to dark bars on the body and dark and light rings on the tail which are well-defined and of uniform width. Young have a bright yellow tail. The underside is pale, sometimes weakly mottled.

Dark brown or black blotched markings, usually with dark edges and light borders, mark the back, with corresponding blotches on the sides. This pattern is brighter on juveniles than on adults.

A rattle, consisting of loose interlocking segments, usually occurs at the end of the tail. A new rattle segment is added each time the skin is shed. Newborn snakes do not have a rattle - just a single button which does not make a sound.

Heat sensing pits on the sides of the head help the snake to locate prey by their warmth. Long, hollow, movable fangs connected to venom glands inject a very toxic venom which quickly immobilize prey. The snake can control the amount of venom injected and the fangs are replaced if broken. Bites on humans are potentially dangerous without immediate medical treatment. Even a dead snake can bite and inject venom if the jaws reflexively open when they are touched.

Behavior

Primarily nocturnal and crepuscular during periods of excessive daytime heat, but also active during daylight when the temperature is more moderate. Not active during cooler periods in Winter. In colder areas, known to den in burrows, caves, and rock crevices, sometimes in large numbers, and sometimes with other snake species.

Prey is found while the snake is actively moving, or by ambush, where the snake waits near lizard or rodent trails, striking at and releasing passing prey. The snake then follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole.

When alarmed, a rattlesnake shakes its tail back and forth. The movement rubs the rattle segments together producing a buzzing sound which serves as a warning. Juveniles are born with only a silent button at the end of the tail.

Diet

Eats birds, lizards, snakes, frogs, insects, and small mammals, including mice, rats, rabbits, hares, and ground squirrels. (Adult California Ground Squirrels are immune to rattlesnake venom and will intensely confront any snake they feel to be a threat.)

Reproduction

Live-bearing; young are born August - October.

Range

This subspecies, Crotalus oreganus oreganus - Northern Pacific Rattlesnake, is found in California from Santa Barbara county, where it intergrades with the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake, east to the Sierras, and north from the coast to the Sierras and west of the Cascades ranges. Out of California it continues north through Oregon, west of the Cascades in Washington and into British Columbia, Canada, and east west-central Idaho.

The species Crotalus oreganus - Western Rattlesnake, occurs from the Pacific Coast of northern Baja California north through most of California except the southern deserts, through Oregon and eastern Washington into British Columbia, Canada, and east into Nevada, Idaho, Utah, northern Arizona, extreme southwestern Wyoming, and extreme northwestern New Mexico.

Habitat

Inhabits rocky hillsides, talus slopes and outcrops, rocky stream courses, rocky areas in grasslands, mixed woodlands, montane forests, pinyon juniper, sagebrush. Sea level to around 11,000 ft.

Taxonomic Notes

The taxonomy of Western Rattlesnakes is controversial and still being studied.

Some researchers still use the species Crotalus viridis and this snake remains Crotalus viridis oreganus.

In a 2002 study, Douglas, Douglas, Schuett, Porras, & Holycross
[[2002. Phylogeography of the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) Complex, With Emphasis on the Colorado Plateau]. Pp. 11-50. In Biology of the Vipers [Schuett, Höggren, Douglas, and Greene (editors). Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah]
split C.viridis into 7 distinct species:

Crotalus oreganus oreganus becomes Crotalus oreganus,
Crotalus oreganus helleri becomes Crotalus helleri, and
Crotalus oreganus lutosus becomes Crotalus lutosus.

The common names remain the same.

This taxonomy was accepted by a snake systematist group in 2009 and is already in use by the CNAH. The SSAR will most likely use this taxonomy in its next list.

Conservation Issues (Conservation Status)

None.

Taxonomy
Family	Viperidae	Vipers
Genus	Crotalus	Rattlesnakes
Species	oreganus	Western Rattlesnake
Subspecies	oreganus	Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Original Description
Crotalus viridis - Rafinesque, 1818 - Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, Nov. p. 41 Crotalus viridis oreganus - Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 115, pl. 29 [24 in text] from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
Meaning of the Scientific Name
Crotalus - Greek - krotalon - a rattle - refers to the rattle on the tail oreganus - belonging to the state of Oregon - referring to the type locality, "banks of Oregon or Columbia River" from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
Alternate Names
Crotalus viridis oreganus Crotalus oreganus
Related or Similar California Snakes
C. o. helleri - Southern Pacific Rattlesnake C. o. lutosus - Great Basin Rattlesnake C. atrox - Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake C. s. scutulatus - Northern Mohave Rattlesnake C. stephensi - Panamint Rattlesnake
More Information and References
Natureserve Explorer California Dept. of Fish and Game Living With Rattlesnakes Tucson Herpetological Society: Living With Venomous Reptiles pdf California Department of Fish and Game: Rattlesnakes in California University of California: Rattlesnakes Management Guide Florida Museum of Natural History: How to Get Along with Snakes Southwestern Field Herping Associates: Venomous Snake Safety Rattlesnake Bites California Poison Control System (search for "rattlesnake bite") University of Arizona: Rattlesnakes Justin Schwartz' Rattlesnake Bite Story and Pictures Sean Bush MD: Venom ER - When snakes strike! eNature - How to Avoid Snakebites and How to Treat One When a Pet Gets Snake Bitten: The amazing story of Andy Cat, a very lucky cat who was bitten by a rattlesnake and survived, thanks to the smart actions of its owners. Publications Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012. Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972. Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998. Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Snakes of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009. Bartlett, R.D. , & Alan Tennant. Snakes of North America - Western Region. Gulf Publishing Co., 2000. Brown, Philip R. A Field Guide to Snakes of California. Gulf Publishing Co., 1997. Ernst, Carl H., Evelyn M. Ernst, & Robert M. Corker. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003. Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press. Ernst, Carl. H. Venomous Reptiles of North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Hayes, William K., Kent R. Beaman, Michael D. Cardwell, and Sean P. Bush, editors. The Biology of Rattlesnakes. Loma Linda University Press, 2009. Hubbs, Brian R., & Brendan O'Connor. A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States. Tricolor Books, 2011. Klauber, Laurence M. Rattlesnakes. University of California Press. (Abridged from the 1956 two volume Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind.) University of California Press, 1982. Rubio, Manny. Rattlesnake - Portrait of a Predator. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. Walls, Jerry G. Rattlesnakes: Their Natural History and Care. T. F. H. Publications, Inc., 1996.

Conservation Status
The following status listings come from the Special Animals List which is published by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. This snake is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
Organization	Status Listing
U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)	None
California Endangered Species Act (CESA)	None
California Department of Fish and Wildlife	None
Bureau of Land Management	None
USDA Forest Service	None
Natureserve Global Conservation Status Ranks
World Conservation Union - IUCN Red List

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