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Adults |
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Adult female, Butte County
© Jackson Shedd |
Adult female, Solano County
© Adam Clause.
Animal captured and handled under state Scientific Collecting Permit and released at point of capture. |
Adult male, Kings County
© Patrick Briggs |
Adult male in a Madera County
mountain creek © Brian Hubbs |
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Adult male, El Dorado County © John Bailey |
Adult male pond turtle on right, Red-eared slider on left,
El Dorado County © John Bailey |
Note the white throat characteristic of
an adult male © John Bailey |
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Adult female, Mendocino County |
Adult, Fresno County
© James R. Buskirk |
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Adult, Napa County (showing inguinals on right) © James R. Buskirk |
Adult, Mendocino county |
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Adult, Del Norte County near Crescent City. © Alan Barron |
Adult, Colusa County © Kinji Hayashi |
Adult, Napa County © James R. Buskirk |
Adults, Modoc County
© James R. Buskirk |
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Adult female, Fresno County © Patrick Briggs |
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Adult, El Dorado County
© Brandon Huntsberger |
Adult on left with juvenile on the right, Sacramento County. © Brandon Huntsberger |
Adult, Kings County © Patrick Briggs |
Adult, Sacramento County
© Noah Morales |
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This small male was photographed as it was being helped across the busy
road it was trying to cross in August in Trinity County © Grayson B. Sandy |
Kings County © Brian Hubbs |
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Adult Northwestern Pond Turtle with two non-native Red-eared Sliders on each side of it, El Dorado County © John Bailey |
Adult male, Glenn County
© Grayson B. Sandy |
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Adult, El Dorado County © John Bailey "We watched the muskrat swim to the board where the turtle was sunning. He climbed on without disturbing the turtle, slowly advanced asserting his dominance. The turtle tucked in his head then backing up he dropped off the edge." RB
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Basking adults, Shasta County
© James R. Buskirk |
Adult male on left, adult female on right
Lake County, © Brian Hubbs |
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Adult, southern Del Norte County
© Bradford R. Norman |
Adult female, Modoc County © Max Roberts |
Adult male, Modoc County © Max Roberts |
Basking adults, Solano County
© Zachary Cava |
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Pond turtles in Marin County © Brian Hubbs
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Piebald Males From the San Joaquin Valley
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"Large old males from San Joaquin Valley, Calif. may be marked with large areas of beige and pinkish beige." (Stebbins, 2003)
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Adult male, Fresno County © Patrick Briggs |
Adult male, Kings County, (showing piebald melanism which is characteristic of males in the San Juaquin Valley.)
© Patrick Briggs |
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Piebald adult males, Fresno County
© Brian Hubbs |
Adult male from near Oakley on the eastern edge of Contra Costa County
(This is where the range of A. marmorata meets A. pallida but since it's near
the delta and the Central Valley, I'm going to assume it's A. marmorata.)
© Grayson Sandy
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Differences Between Males and Females (genus Actinemys) |
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Females usually have a pale throat mottled with dark markings.
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Adult female with mottled throat © Grayson Sandy |
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Males usually have a pale throat with no dark markings.
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Males have raised areas towards the rear of the head, as you can see on this male from Santa Clara County. © Brian Hubbs |
Males have a slightly concave plastron
Left: Male
Right: Female
© Pierre Fidenci |
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Juveniles |
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Hatchling, Mendocino county |
Hatchling, Fresno County © Patrick Briggs |
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Juvenile, Siskiyou County
© Kinji Hayashi |
Juvenile from Northern California
© Brian Hubbs |
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Pond Turtle Tracking |
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These are Santa Clara County turtles with transmitters attached to their shells. An antenna with a radio receiver that can find these transmitters is used to find the turtles and track their movement in order to study their behavior. Transmitters on females like the one on the far left are placed on the side of the shell to prevent obstacles to males during breeding. The transmitters are removed without damaging the shells when research is completed. © Neil Keung
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This Santa Clara County turtle travelled away from a dry creek in Summer to bury itself in an upland location above the creek in oak woodland habitat. It will stay there until the following Spring when it returns to the creek. The turtle was found by tracking a transmitter which you can see was attached to its shell.
© Neil Keung |
Find the turtles.
Both of these adult pond turtles were tracked with radio receivers to where they were hiding in shallow creeks in Santa Clara County. Both are very well camouflaged and could easily be overlooked. © Neil Keung |
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Comparison With Red-eared Sliders - Trachemys scripta elegans |
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The head, neck, and throat of the female Western Pond Turtle is mottled, with no red stripe behind the eye. |
The head of the male Western Pond Turtle is dark with no red stripe behind the eye, and the throat is white.
© Grayson B. Sandy |
There is usually a prominent red stripe behind the eye of the Red-eared Slider. |
Some older or melanistic adult Red-eared Sliders do not have a red stripe behind the eye. © Will Kohn |
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A useful way to differentiate Western Pond Turtles from Red-eared Sliders, according to wildlife biologist Brandon Stidum, "...is to look at the marginal scutes 8-12 (...the scutes above the tail, or back scutes). Sliders have bifid or slightly forked scutes, where Western Pond Turtles do not; theirs are all smooth and do not split (except for traumatic injuries, but it’s usually only one or a few, not all scutes). The forking in the tail gives red-eared sliders the appearance that the tail is serrated or split in appearance. While looking for the presence and size of inguinal and axillary scutes is the best way to differentiate between the 2 once you have them in hand, a good way to do it from a distance is to look at the back scutes of the turtles." |
Two adult Red-eared Sliders (left) compared with a much smaller adult Pacific Pond Turtle (right).
© Jeff Ahrens.
Animal capture and handling authorized under SCP or specific authorization from CDFW.
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Ventral view of four adult Red-eared Sliders, with a much smaller adult Pacific Pond Turtle in the middle.
© Jeff Ahrens.
Animal capture and handling authorized under SCP or specific authorization from CDFW. |
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Potential Identification Confusion with Melanistic Red-eared Sliders |
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Melanistic adult Red-eared slider - Trachemys scripta elegans
Riverside County. © Bob Parkard |
Melanistic adult Red-eared slider, (without red on the head)
Riverside County © Bob Parkard |
Melanistic adult Red-eared with no red marks behind the eyes © Will Kohn |
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Adult Pond Turtle, Mendocino county |
Adult female Pond Turtle
© Grayson Sandy |
Adult male Pond Turtle |
Click to enlarge |
Introduced melanistic sliders and old sliders whose red "ears" have faded, are often difficult to distinguish from the California native Western Pond Turtle, especially at a distance in the field, and even in hand. According to Bob Packard, with the Western Riverside County MSHCP Biological Monitoring Program, his organization confirms the identification of these turtles based on the presence of large inguinal and axillary scutes on the sliders, which are absent on the pond turtles (see illustration to the left) and by an interesting behavioral clue: the majority of sliders tend to be aggressive, biting readily, while pond turtles are far more reluctant to bite.
You can also use the information described above about differentiating the two species from a distance by observing the rear marginal scutes, or back scutes.
More pictures of melanistic sliders can be seen above.
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Western Pond Turtle Eggs |
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Western Pond Turtle Eggs, © Patrick Briggs |
Western Pond Turtle Life Cycle:
Adult, Juvenile, and Egg, Butte County.
© The Chico Turtle Lab
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Habitat |
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Habitat, river, Mendocino County |
Habitat, large pond, Marin County |
Habitat, forest creek, Mendocino County |
Habitat with turtle, San Joaquin County
© James R. Buskirk |
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Habitat, large lake, Sacramento County |
Habitat, meadow in Siskiyou County
© Kinji Hayashi |
Habitat, Napa County
© James R. Buskirk |
Habitat, Tulare County
© Patrick Briggs |
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River habitat, Sacramento County
© Noah Morales |
Habitat, Del Norte County near
Crescent City. © Alan Barron |
Habitat, southern Del Norte County
© Bradford R. Norman |
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Short Videos of the Similar Southwestern Pond Turtle Species |
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Southwestern Pond Turtles compete for limited basking space on a small pond. |
Southwestern Pond Turtles
basking in the sun. |
Southwestern Pond Turtles
in an Alameda County pond. |
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Description |
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Size |
3.5 - 8.5 inches in shell length (8.9 - 21.6 cm). (Stebbins 2003)
Hatchlings are aproximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) in shell length.
The tail of a young turtle is almost as long as its shell.
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Appearance |
A small to medium-sized drab dark brown, olive brown, or blackish turtle with a low unkeeled carapace. |
Color and Pattern |
Usually with a pattern of lines or spots radiating from the centers of the scutes.
The plastron lacks hinges, and has 6 pairs of shelds which can be cream or yellowish in color with large dark brown markings, or unmarked.
The legs have black speckling and may show cream to yellowish coloring.
The head usually has a black network or spots may show cream to yellowish coloring.
Turtles south of the Transverse Ranges tend to be lighter, from yellowish brown to light brown. |
Differences Between Males and Females |
Males
Size: males are smaller than females
Throat: light in color with no markings
Chin: more pointed than on females
Head: larger than females
Carapace: a lower dome (flatter shell) than females
Plastron: concave
Tail: wider and thicker at the base than females
Females
Size: females are larger than males
Throat: dark speckled markings
Chin: more rounded than on males
Head: smaller than males
Carapace: a higher dome (taller shell) than males
Plastron: flat or convex
Tail: thinner at the base than males
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Life History and Behavior |
Activity |
Diurnal and aquatic.
Typically active from February through November, with the length of the active season depending on the temperature of the habitat.
May be active during warm periods in winter in warmer climates.
Pond turtles are often seen on a log or rock basking above the water, but they will quickly slide into the water when they feel threatened.
Pond turtles seldom bask by floating at the surface of the water.
Hibernation and Estivation
Some Western Pond Turtles slow down their metabolic processes and hibernate underwater during several months in the Winter. They often cluster in the shallow end of the pond. They survive so much time underwater by using cloacal respiration - pumping water through the cloaca through pouches that function similar to gills - extracting oxygen from the water and releasing carbon monoxide.
Other pond turtles pass the Winter by moving to woodlands above the creek or pond they inhabit and burying themselves in loose soil or entering California ground squirrel burrows, where they down their metabolic processes. They remain underground through the Winter until temperatures warm up enough for them to become active. If they leave a creek due to heavy winter flows, they will return to the creek in Spring when the flow of the water subsides.
During hot dry Summer droughts, some pond turtles will estivate by burying themselves in the soft bottom mud of a pond or creek, again relying on cloacal respiration.
When creeks and ponds dry up in Summer, some pond turtles that inhabit creeks will travel along the creek until they find an isolated deep pool, others stay within moist mats of algae in shallow pools. |
Turtles Walking on Land Do Not Always Need to be Picked Up and Rescued |
Turtles sometimes leave the water to search for food, a better place to live, a mate, or to lay their eggs in the spring - typically from March to June. If you see a turtle walking on the land, it is probably not sick or lost, so the best thing you can do for the turtle is to leave it alone. Some people want to help a turtle they think is in danger by picking it up and bringing it home or to a wildlife rehabilitation center, but most of the time this harms the turtle by removing it from the wild without reason. Sometimes turtles do get lost or stranded in yards or on busy roads or somewhere where they may be in danger. If you find one in such a situation, it's ok to move it out of danger, but it's best to leave it in a safe place as close to where you found it as possible. |
Territoriality |
When seeking or protecting a basking spot, Western Pond Turtles may show aggressive behavior by opening the mouth and exposing the yellow and pinkish mouth lining to scare off another turtle. Occasionally they will also bite or ram. |
Diet and Feeding |
Eats aquatic plants, invertebrates, worms, frog and salamander eggs and larvae, crayfish, carrion, and occasionally frogs and fish. |
Reproduction |
Adults do not mate until they are aproximately eight to ten years old.
Mating occurs in April and May.
Sometime between late April and August, females climb onto land to dig a nest, usually along stream or pond margins in areas with full sunlight, where they lay a clutch of 2 - 11 eggs. Some females lay two clutches in a year while others lay eggs every other year.
Females in the Bay Area were found to prefer to lay their eggs in sunny areas with grass about a foot and a half high covering about 85 percent of the ground. (Carolyn Jones, SFGate.com, 7/31/13)
The length of incubation is not known. It may vary with altitude and latitude. Eggs incubated in a laboratory hatched in 73-81 days.
Hatchlings may emerge in late summer or fall, but some turtles may overwinter in the nest and emerge the following spring.
(Ernst, Barbour, & Lovich, 2009)
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Habitat |
Found in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, marshes, and irrigation ditches, with abundant vegetation, and either rocky or muddy bottoms, in woodland, forest, and grassland. In streams, prefers pools to shallower areas. Logs, rocks, cattail mats, and exposed banks are required for basking. May enter brackish water and even seawater.
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Geographical Range |
Complete Range
A. marmorata ranges north of California into Oregon, Washington and British Columbia (west of the crest of the Cascades and Sierras) (It may now be extinct in western Washington and British Columbia.) An isolated population occurs at Susanville. Another isolated population occurs in Nevada in the Truckee, Carson, and East Walker Rivers (Stebbins 2003).
Range in California
According to the paper that split the former species into two species **, all populations of pond turtles in California "... north of the San Francisco Bay area plus populations from the Great Central Valley north including the apparently introduced Nevada population..." are the [Northwestern] Pond Turtle. The [Southwestern] Pond Turtle "... is restricted to those populations inhabiting the central coast range south of the San Francisco Bay area to the species’ southern range boundary, including the Mojave River ... Although we tentatively include populations from Baja California in E. pallida, we also recognize that these animals may represent a distinct species pending results from additional analyses."
** Phillip Q. Spinks, Robert C. Thomson, and H. Bradley Shaffer.
The advantages of going large: genome wide SNPs clarify the complex population history and systematics of the threatened western pond turtle.
Molecular Ecology. 23(9): 2228-2241. June, 2014.
It is not clear from the Spinks, Thomson, and Shaffer paper referenced above what species of Western Pond turtle occurs immediately south, east, and west of the San Francisco Bay, since no specimens from that area were used in the study which described the two species. Nor is there any mention of hybrids occurring in this area, only this: "Emys marmorata and E. pallida show very limited intergradation in a few populations in the northern central coast range and adjacent Sierra Nevada foothills, although at all intergrade sites we also found pure individuals of the locally prevalent species.")
On my range maps I previously showed the area south, east, and west of the San Francisco Bay as an "area of uncertainty." In 2017
I changed my range maps to follow the only source I can find that shows the two species range in that part of the bay area: Robert C. Thomson, Amber N. Wright, and H. Bradley Shaffer. California Amphibian and Reptile Species of Special Concern. University of California Press, 2016. Their range map (which is now online at the CDFW website) shows A. pallida ranging throughout area south, east, and west of the San Francisco Bay. I do that now, to be consistent with the state Species of Special Concern information. The eastern boundary and contact area between the two species is apparently the edge of the South Coast Ranges where they meet the floor of the great valley.
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Elevational Range |
Stebbins (2003) describes the elevation range of the Western Pond Turtle - Clemmys marmorata, which has now been split into two species, as "Sea level to around 6,696 ft. (2,041 m) but mostly below 4,980 ft. (1,371 m)."
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Notes on Taxonomy |
Previously, the Western Pond Turtle, Actinemys marmorata, was split into two subspecies: A. m. marmorata and A. m. pallida.
The single species has been split into two full species, corresponding to the previous two subspecies - Actinemys marmorata, and Actinemys pallida.
Spinks, Thomson and Shaffer "...propose using the name Emys marmorata for all populations north of the San Francisco Bay area plus populations from the Great Central Valley north.... Emys pallida is restricted to those populations inhabiting the central coast range south of the San Francisco Bay area to the species’ southern range boundary, including the Mojave River."
(Phillip Q. Spinks, Robert C. Thomson, and H. Bradley Shaffer.
The advantages of going large: genome wide SNPs clarify the complex population history and systematics of the threatened western pond turtle.
Molecular Ecology. 23(9): 2228-2241. June, 2014.)
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Janzen, Hoover, and Shaffer (1997 Chelonian Conservation Biology 2(4): 623-626) concluded that southern populations of A. marmorata, found in Baja California and adjacent southern California, are a different species from those to the north.
Spinks and Shaffer argued that subspecies should be abandoned because they are not supported on molecular grounds. (Spinks and Shaffer - 2005 Mol. Ecol. 14:2047-2064)
In 2010 Spinks (Spinks et al., 2010, Mol. Ecol. 19: 542-556) demonstrated deep phylogeographic divergence within the species, potentially warranting species recognition.
Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)
Actinemys marmorata marmorata - Northwestern Pond Turtle (Stebbins & McGinnis 2012)
Clemmys marmorata marmorata - Northwestern Pond Turtle (Stebbins 1966, 1985, 2003)
Clemmys marmorata - Pacific Pond Turtle (Stebbins 1954)
Clemmys marmorata - Pacific Mud Turtle (Emys marmorata; Emys nigra; Atinemys marmorata; Clemmys Wosnessenskyi; Chelopus marmoratus. Western Pond Turtle; Pacific Terrapin; California Terrapin; California Mud Turtle; Western Terrapin; Water Turtle) (Grinnell and Camp 1917)
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Conservation Issues (Conservation Status) |
Northwestern Pond Turtles may be nearly extinct in western Washington and British Columbia.
The Western Pond Turtle is in decline throughout 75 - 80% of its range. (Stebbins, 2003.) There a number of reasons for this decline.
Beginning in the 19th century, the commercial harvesting of Western Pond Turtles for food was a major threat to the species. That trade continued at least into the 1930s: Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm, 1983, remark that in the 1930s, Western Pond Turtles were trapped for food in California and sold to markets in San Francisco.
Another cause for the decline of the species was the massive wetland drainage projects in the Great Valley of the early 20th century which destroyed numerous wetlands and lakes and altered rivers, all of which destroyed or reduced suitable habitat for the Western Pond Turtle. Tulare lake, now gone, was once the home to an estimated 3.5 million pond turtles, almost all of which are now extinct in the area. (Stebbins & McGinnis, 2012.) The destruction or degredation of other wetlands throughout the state has certainly also added to the decline.
The introduction of non-native turtles into Western Pond Turtle habitat, especially the two most successful invasive turtle species, the Red-eared Slider and the Painted Turtle, has been another cause of the decline of the Western Pond Turtle. Both species are common in the pet trade and feral turtles now found in California were most likely released by their owners. Since the Western Pond Turtle is the only native freshwater turtle in its historic range, it did not develop the ability to successfully compete for resources with other species of turtles, and both the Red-eared Slider and the Painted Turtle produce nearly twice as many offspring as the pond turtle which allows them to overwhelm and out-compete the pond turtle population.
Another threat to the pond turtle has been the American Bullfrog, an invasive species that has spread throughout the state. In 1994 report, Dan C. Holland writes that the invasive bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a known predator of Western Pond Turtles, and the report includes a picture of a bullfrog preying on a juvenile pond turtle in San Diego County. Bullfrogs breed in such large numbers that adults can eventually eat so many hatchling turtles that fewturtles can survive to adulthood and after the existing adults die off there will be no more turtles at that location. (Holland, Dan C. The Western Pond Turtle: Habitat and History. Final Report. Prepared for: U. S. Department of Engergy Bonneville Power Administration Environment, Fish and Wildlife... Portland OR.1994)
Photographic evidence also exists that shows that bullfrogs eat hatchling painted turtles.
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Taxonomy |
Family |
Emydidae |
Box and Basking Turtles |
Gray, 1825 |
Genus |
Actinemys |
Western Pond Turtles |
Agassiz, 1857 |
Species
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marmorata |
Northwestern Pond Turtle |
(Baird and Girard, 1852) |
Original Description |
Clemmys marmorata - (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177
from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
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Meaning of the Scientific Name |
Actinemys - actin - ray or beam, and -emys - turtle
marmorata - Latin - marbled - refers to the marbled carapacial pattern
from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
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Related or Similar California Turtles |
Actinemys pallida - Southwestern Pond Turtle
C. p. bellii - Western Painted Turtle
T. s. elegans - Red-eared Slider
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More Information and References (Referring to A. marmorata and A. pallida) |
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
SDNHM
James R. Buskirk has generously provided age and gender identification for many of the turtles shown here.
Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012.
Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972.
Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021.
*Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018.
Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Turtles and Lizards of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009.
Carr, Archie. Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California. Cornell University Press, 1969.
Ernst, Carl H., Roger W. Barbour, & Jeffrey E. Lovich. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution 1994.
(2nd Edition published 2009)St. John, Alan D. Reptiles of the Northwest: Alaska to California; Rockies to the Coast. Lone Pine Publishing, 2002.
Lemm, Jeffrey. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of the San Diego Region (California Natural History Guides). University of California Press, 2006.
Robert C. Thomson, Amber N. Wright, and H. Bradley Shaffer. California Amphibian and Reptile Species of Special Concern. University of California Press, 2016.
Watch more short movies of this turtle at Endangered Species International (www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org)
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The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the April 2024 State of California Special Animals List and the April 2024 Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California list (unless indicated otherwise below.) Both lists are produced by multiple agencies every year, and sometimes more than once per year, so the conservation status listing information found below might not be from the most recent lists. To make sure you are seeing the most recent listings, go to this California Department of Fish and Wildlife web page where you can search for and download both lists:
https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals.
A detailed explanation of the meaning of the status listing symbols can be found at the beginning of the two lists. For quick reference, I have included them on my Special Status Information page.
If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can also go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings.
Check the current California Department of Fish and Wildlife sport fishing regulations to find out if this animal can be legally pursued and handled or collected with possession of a current fishing license. You can also look at the summary of the sport fishing regulations as they apply only to reptiles and amphibians that has been made for this website.
The Special Animals List recognizes western pond turtles as one full species - Emys marmorata - Western Pond Turtle.
It does not track the species by the two formerly recognized subspecies nor does it recognize the 2014 two species of pond turtles theory (as this site does.)
Special Animals List Notes 7/23:
western pond turtle
1) CNDDB tracks western pond turtle at the full species level, based on the determination that the previous subspecies split was not warranted (Spinks, P.Q. and Shaffer, H.B. 2005. Range-wide molecular analysis of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata): cryptic variation, isolation by distance, and their conservation implications. Molecular Ecology 14(7):2047- 2064).
2) Genus was updated to Emys based on findings in: Spinks, P.Q. and Shaffer, H.B. 2009. Conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies for the widely disjunct Emys (Testudines: Emydidae) species complex, and what they tell us about biogeography and hybridization. Systematic Biology. 58(1):1-20.
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Organization |
Status Listing |
Notes |
NatureServe Global Ranking |
G3G4 |
Vulnerable - Apparently Secure |
NatureServe State Ranking |
S3 |
Vulnerable
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U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
PT |
Proposed Threatened |
California Endangered Species Act (CESA) |
None |
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California Department of Fish and Wildlife |
SSC |
Species of Special Concern |
Bureau of Land Management |
S |
Sensitive |
USDA Forest Service |
S |
Sensitive |
IUCN |
VU |
Vulnerable |
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