California Reptiles & Amphibians

Tantilla planiceps - Western Black-headed Snake

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Range in California

Dot-locality range map

Adult, San Diego County © Dick Bartlett

Adult, Ojai, Ventura County
© Michael Inaba

Adult, Riveside County © Brad Alexander

Adult, San Diego County
© Dan Kennedy

Adult, Alameda County © David Jahn

Adult, San Bernardino County © Jeff Teel

Adult, San Diego County
© Dan Kennedy

Adult, Ojai, Ventura County
© Michael Inaba

Adult, Riverside County © Brian Hinds

Adult, Orange County
© Mike Pecora

Adult, Los Angeles County, found active on the surface during daylight on a summer evening. © Trevor Yehle

Habitat, Alameda County

Habitat, San Diego County

Habitat, Riverside County

Description

Mildly Venomous

This snake uses a mild form of venom to immobilize its prey. This venom is considered harmless to humans.

Size

One of the smallest snakes in California, about 3.5 - 15.5 inches long (9 - 40 cm).

Appearance

A small, thin, snake with a flat head and smooth, shiny scales. The top of the head is dark brown or black, with a faint light collar between the dark cap and the body color which is brownish or beige and unmarked. This collar may or may not have a border of dark dots. The dark color usually drops below the mouthline behind the corner of the jaw.The belly is whitish with a reddish stripe that does not extend all the way to the edge of the ventral scales.

Behavior

Secretive -spends much of its time underground or underneath surface objects. A good burrower, able to disappear quickly into loose soil. Occasionally found active on the surface at night on roads, especially after rains.

Diet

Millipedes, centipedes, and insects.

Reproduction

Not well understood. Eggs are laid, probably in May and June.

Range

The known range of this snake in California and elsewhere is spotty due to its secretive nature. Its range is probably less disjointed than the records show. It occurs along the coast of southern California, east and north to the desert side of the mountains as far as Whitewater Canon, and north through the San Joaquin Valley to the San Francisco Bay where it has been recorded just south of San Jose and east of Livermore. Occurs in disjointed locations in Baja California south to the cape. From near sea level to about 4,000 ft. (1,219 m).

Habitat

Occurs in grassland, chaparral, oak and oak-pine woodland, deserts. Along the rocky edges of streas and washes. Often found beneath rocks, plant debris, and other surface cover.

Conservation Issues (Conservation Status)

None.

Taxonomy
Family	Colubridae	Colubrids
Genus	Tantilla	Black-headed Snakes
Species	planiceps	Western Black-headed Snake
Original Description
Tantilla planiceps - (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 294, pl. 27, figs. 3-3b from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
Meaning of the Scientific Name
Tantilla - Latin - tantillum - so small a thing - refers to the small size planiceps - Latin - planus flat and NL ceps head - refers to the flattened head from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
Alternate Names
California Black-headed Snake
Related or Similar California Snakes
T. hobartsmithi - Smith's Black-headed Snake H. t. nuchalata - California Nightsnake H. t. deserticola - Desert Nightsnake
More Information and References
Natureserve Explorer California Dept. of Fish and Game Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Behler, John L., & F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Bartlett, R.D. , & Alan Tennant. Snakes of North America - Western Region. Gulf Publishing Co., 2000. Ernst, Carl H., Evelyn M. Ernst, & Robert M. Corker. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003. Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press. Brown, Philip R. A Field Guide to Snakes of California. Gulf Publishing Co., 1997.

Conservation Status
The following status listings come from the Special Animals List which is published several times each year by the California Department of Fish and Game. This snake is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
Organization	Status Listing
U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)
California Endangered Species Act (CESA)
California Department of Fish and Game
Bureau of Land Management
USDA Forest Service
Natureserve Global Conservation Status Ranks
World Conservation Union - IUCN Red List