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| Adult, San Luis Obispo County |
Adult, San Luis Obispo County |
Adult, San Luis Obispo County |
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| Adult, San Luis Obispo County |
Adult and Juvenile,
Santa Barbara County |
Underside of adult ,
San Luis Obispo County |
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| Sub-adult, 1400 ft., San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County |
Adults, 3,800 ft. San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County |
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| Adult, 3,000 ft. San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County |
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| Santa Cruz Island Population |
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Adult, Santa Cruz Island,
Santa Barbara County |
Adult, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County |
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| Comparisons With Similar Sympatric Slender Salamander Species |
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| Batrachoseps major major, Garden Slender Salamander (bottom) and B. nigriventris (top). Note the larger body and legs of B. m. major. B. nigriventris is black underneath, while B. m. major is light gray. |
Batrachoseps incognitus, the San Simeon Slender Salamander (top) occurs with B. nigriventris (bottom) in northern San Luis Obispo County. B. incognitus has slightly larger legs and toes and neck. |
The ranges of Batrachoseps gavilanensis, Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander, and B. nigriventris overlap slightly. |
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| Batrachoseps gabrieli (right) occurs with B. nigriventris (left) at some locations in Los Angeles County. Note the larger more robust limbs and body of B. gabrieli. These two were found next to each other. © William Flaxington |
Batrachoseps minor, the Lesser Slender Salamander, shown to the left, occurs entirely within the range of B. nigriventris. It is shown here with a small adult specimen of B. nigriventris which was found outside of the range of B. minor. B. minor has distinctly larger hands and feet. |
The range of Batrachoseps stebbinsi (bottom) overlaps that of B. nigriventris (top) in a small area in the Ft. Tejon area and the Tehachapi Mountains. These salamaders were found together under the same rock. The B. stebbinsi here is a bit shorter than the B. nigriventris, but note the much larger legs and toes of B. stebbinsi. |
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| Habitat |
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| Habitat, San Luis Obispo County |
Habitat, San Luis Obispo County |
Habitat, San Luis Obispo County |
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| Habitat, 3,800 ft., San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County |
Habitat, Santa Cruz Island |
Habitat, San Gabriel Mountains,
Los Angeles County |
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Habitat, 3,800 ft., San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County
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Habitat, 1400 ft., San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County |
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| Short Video |
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Black-bellied Slender Salamanders squirming around in Santa Barbara County |
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| Description |
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| Size |
Adults are 1 1/4 - 1 7/8 inches long (3.2 - 4.7 cm) from snout to vent.
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| Appearance |
A small slim salamander with 18 - 21 costal grooves.
Short limbs, a narrow head, long slender body, very long tail, and conspicuous costal and caudal grooves give this species the worm-like appearance typical of most Slender Salamanders.
There are four toes on the front and hind feet, which is also typical of Slender Salamanders.
(Other California salamanders have five toes on the hind feet.)
The tail may be up to twice the body length on mainland adults, but only up to the body length on adults from Santa Cruz Island.
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| Color and Pattern |
Color above is dark brown or blackish with a reddish, brown, or tan dorsal stripe.
The venter is dark with fine white speckling.
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| Comparison With Sympatric Slender Salamanders |
Co-exists with B. gabrieli at some localities in the San Gabriel Mountains. B. nigriventris has a narrower head, shorter limbs, smaller feet, longer tail.
Coexists with B. m. major in some mountains in Los Angeles and Orange counties. B. m. major is the larger, more robust, of the two species, with longer limbs and a broader neck and head.
Coexists with B. minor in the Coast Range. B. minor is distinguished by its more robust body, broader head and longer and larger limbs with more conspicuous toes than B. nigriventris.
Coexists with B. gavilanensis in the souther part of its range. B. gavilanensis is the larger, more robust, of the two species, with longer limbs and a broader neck and head than B. nigriventris.
Co-exists with B. incognitus in some areas. B. incognitus is the larger, more robust, of the two species, with longer limbs and a broader neck and head than B. nigriventris. The digits of the toes of B. incognitus are individually distinct, and easier to see when compared to B. nigriventris which has smaller digits.
Coexists with B. stebbinsi at several locations in the Tehachapi Mountains where B. stebbinsi can be distinguished by its more robust body with longer legs, largeer feet, distinct toes, and broader head.
Coexists with B. pacificus on Santa Cruz Island. The two species can be differentiated by ventral color - dark on B. nigriventris, and light on B. pacificus, and by the darker color, smaller, slimmer body, and thinner limbs of B. nigriventris.
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| Life History and Behavior |
A member of family Plethodontidae, the Plethodontid or Lungless Salamanders.
Plethodontid salamanders do not breathe through lungs. They conduct respiration through their skin and their mouth tissues, which requires them to live in damp environments on land and to move about on the ground only during times of high humidity. (Plethodontid salamanders native to California do not inhabit streams or bodies of water but they are capable of surviving for some time if they fall into water.)
Plethodontid salamanders are also distinguished by their naso-labial grooves, which are vertical slits between the nostrils and upper lip that are lined with glands associated with chemoreception.
All Plethodontid Salamanders native to California lay eggs in moist places on land.
The young develop in the egg and hatch directly into a tiny terrestrial salamander with the same body form as an adult.
(They do not hatch in the water and begin their lives as tiny swimming larvae breathing through gills like some other types of salamanders.)
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| Activity |
Active on rainy or wet nights when temperatures are moderate, fall through spring.
Retreats underground when the soil dries or when air temperature drops to near freezing.
Found under rocks, logs, bark, and other debris.
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| Defense |
Slender salamanders use several defense tactics, including:
- Coiling and remaining still, relying on cryptic coloring to avoid detection.
- Uncoiling quickly and springing away repeatedly bouncing over the ground, then remaining still again to avoid detection.
- Detaching the tail, which wriggles on the ground to distract a predator from the salamander long enough for it to escape.
(After its tail is detached or severed, the salamander will grow a new tail.) |
| Diet and Feeding |
Eats a variety of small invertebrates.
Feeding behavior is not well known, but other Batrachoseps species are sit-and-wait predators that use a projectile tongue to catch prey. |
| Breeding |
Little is known about the Breeding behavior and egg-laying habits of this species.
Reproduction is terrestrial.
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| Eggs |
Slender Salamanders typically lay eggs in moist places on land.
In southern California, B. nigriventris lays eggs in the winter which hatch in winter and early spring.
Eggs have been found in early December in the Coast Range. |
| Young |
Young develop completely in the egg and hatch fully formed.
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| Geographical Range |
Endemic to California. Found in mountains and valleys of the coast range from southern Monterey County south to the Santa Ana Mountains, including the Tehachapi, Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains east to Cajon Pass. Also found on Santa Cruz Island.
Sympatric with B. gabrieli in the San Gabriel mountains, with B. minor, B. gavilanensis and B. incognitus in the Coast Range, with B. m. major in Los Angeles and Orange counties, with B. stebbinsi in the Tehachapi mountains, and with B. pacificus on Santa Cruz Island.
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| Elevational Range |
From sea level to around 8,200 ft. (2,500 m.)
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| Habitat |
Inhabits mostly oak woodlands but also found in chaparral, grasslands, streamsides, and oak and pine forests.
Found under rocks, logs, bark, and other debris in moist areas.
On Santa Cruz Island, occurs in streamside Eucalyptus forest, under coastal driftwood, in oak woodland, and in open grassland.
South of the Tehachapi Mountains, this species is found mostly in moist mountain and foothills canyons.
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| Notes on Taxonomy |
Animals from the western slope of the central and southern Sierra Nevada mountains previously identified as B. nigriventris,
were re-described as B. gregarius in 1998.
In 2000, Wake and Jockusch determined that B. nigriventris consists of three distinct lineages which include those found from Monterey County south to the Tehachapi Mountains, those found south of the Tehachap Mountains from Ventura and Los Angeles south to the Santa Ana Mountains and east to Cajon Pass, and those found on Santa Cruz Island.
Here's a Diagram of the Batrachoseps Complex showing the relationships between species.
Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)
Batrachoseps nigriventris - Black-bellied Slender Salamander (Stebbins 1985, 2003, 2012)
Batrachoseps attenuatus - California Slender Salamander (Stebbins 1954, 1966)
Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus - Worm-salamander (Bishop 1943)
Batrachoseps attenuatus - Slender Salamander (Storer 1925)
Batrachoseps nigriventris (Cope 1869)
Batrachoseps attenuatus (Cooper 1868)
Batrachoseps attenuata (Baird 1850)
Salamandrina attenuata (Eschscholtz 1833)
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| Conservation Issues (Conservation Status) |
| None |
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| Taxonomy |
| Family |
Plethodontidae |
Lungless Salamanders |
Gray, 1850 |
| Genus |
Batrachoseps |
Slender Salamanders |
Bonaparte, 1841 |
Species
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nigriventris |
Black-bellied Slender Salamander |
Cope, 1869 |
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Original Description |
Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 98
from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
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Meaning of the Scientific Name |
Batrachoseps: Greek - amphibian, frog lizard - describes lizard-like appearance.
nigriventris: Latin - black ventris of the belly, referring to the dark venter.
from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
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Similar Neighboring Salamanders |
Batrachoseps incognitus
Batrachoseps minor
Batrachoseps gavilanensis
Batrachoseps gabrieli
Batrachoseps major major
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More Information and References |
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
AmphibiaWeb
Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012.
Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972.
Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Amphibians of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009.
Bishop, Sherman C. Handbook of Salamanders. Cornell University Press, 1943.
Lannoo, Michael (Editor). Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University of California Press, June 2005.
Petranka, James W. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution, 1998.
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| Conservation Status |
The following status listings come from the Special Animals List and the Endangered and Threatened Animals List which are published by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
This salamander is not included on the Special Animals List, meaning there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California according to the California Department of Fish and Game.
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Organization
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Status Listing
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| NatureServe Global Ranking |
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| NatureServe State Ranking |
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| U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
None |
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| California Endangered Species Act (CESA) |
None |
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| California Department of Fish and Wildlife |
None |
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| Bureau of Land Management |
None |
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| USDA Forest Service |
None |
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| IUCN |
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Range in California: Red
