CaliforniaHerps.com

A Guide to the Amphibians
and Reptiles of California




Resplendent Desert Shovel-nosed Snake - Chionactis annulata

Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake -
Chionactis annulata annulata

(Baird, 1859 “1858”)

(=Sonora annulata annulata =Sonora occipitalis =Chionactis occipitalis annulata)

Click on a picture for a larger view

Dark Blue: Range of this species in California
Chionactis annulata annulata -
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake 

Range of other similar species in California:

Red: Chionactis occipitalis - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake


Click on the map for a topographical view

Map with California County Names







observation link





Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Adult, Imperial County
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Adult, Imperial County
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
  Adult, Imperial County  
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Adult, Imperial County Adult, Imperial County
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Adult, extreme southern
Riverside County
Adult, San Diego County, found by David Young, photo © Stuart Young Adult, Imperial County
© Jeremiah Easter
  Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake  
  Adult, San Diego County © Mark Hilands  
     
Juveniles
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Juvenile, San Diego County
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
  Juvenile, San Diego County  
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Juvenile, Imperial County © Ryan Sikola
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake  
Juvenile, Imperial County
© Ryan Sikola
Juvenile, Imperial County  
     
Habitat
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Habitat Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Habitat Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Habitat
Habitat, San Diego County Habitat, San Diego County Habitat, San Diego County
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Habitat Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Habitat Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake Habitat
Habitat, Imperial County
Habitat, Imperial County Habitat, Imperial County
     
Short Video
  Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake  
  A nocturnal Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed snake crawls across the desert floor.
 
     
Similar Snakes
Comparison chart of Chionactis in California,
along with the similar sympatric species - Sonora semiannulata,
and the similar species - Chilomeniscus stramineus.

 
Description

Not Dangerous - This snake does not have venom that can cause death or serious illness or injury in most humans.

Commonly described as "harmless" or "not poisonous" to indicate that its bite is not dangerous, but "not venomous" is more accurate. (A poisonous snake can hurt you if you eat it. A venomous snake can hurt you if it bites you.)

Size
Adults are 11 - 17 inches long (25 - 43 cm)

Appearance
A small rounded snake with smooth, unkeeled, shiny scales.
The head is narrow with a large spade-like scale on the tip of a flat shovel-like snout, a countersunk lower jaw, and nasal valves.
Color and Pattern
The ground color is cream or yellowish and the body is circled with black bands, usually fewer than 25, and most often with narrow red crossbands between them.
Many black bands completely encircle the body.

Life History and Behavior

Activity
Nocturnal.
Burrows underground in daytime, but occasionally found by day in shaded areas.
Smooth scales, flat shout, concave abdomen, and nasal valves are adaptations that allow for a quick swimming movement through loose sand, with an s-shaped, side-to-side movement.
Often seen crossing desert roads at night.
Diet and Feeding
Eats invertebrates: insects, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, larval insects and moths, often while the snake is burrowing.
Reproduction
Females are oviparous, laying eggs late spring through summer.

Habitat
Inhabits dry desert habitats with loose sand and often with little vegetation - washes, dunes, sandy flats, rocky hillsides.

Geographical Range
This subspecies, Chionactis annulata annulata - Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake, is found in extreme southeastern California, east of the desert slope of the peninsular range to the Colorado River. Outside of California, it ranges south into Baja California and northern Sonora, Mexico, and east into southwestern Arizona.

The species Chionactis annulata - Resplendent Desert Shovel-nosed Snake, occurs from the Southern California deserts into Arizona, Baja California, and northern Sonora, Mexico.

Full Species Range Map
Notes on Taxonomy
Cox et al in their April 2018 paper "Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini," synonymized genera Chilomeniscus and Chionactis with genus Sonora. They did not discuss common names changes.
If their taxomomy is accepted:

* Sonora semiannulata semiannulata
becomes Sonora semiannulata;
* Chionactis occipitalis becomes Sonora occipitalis;
* Chionactis annulata annulata becomes Sonora annulata;
* Chilomeniscus stramineus, where possibly present in California, becomes Sonora cincta.

(Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini.
Christian L. Cox, Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Iris A. Holmes, Jacobo Reyes-Valasco, Corey E. Roelke, Eric N. Smith, Oscar Flores-Villela, Jimmy A. GcGuire and Jonathan A. Campbell.
Journal of Natural History, 2018 Vol. 52, Nos. 13-16, 945-988.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1449912)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SSAR Herpetological Circular No. 43, 2017, recommended a change in the currently accepted taxonomy of
Chionactis occipitalis
:

"Wood et al. (2008, Conserv. Gen. 9: 1489–1507) demonstrated, using mtDNA and morphological data, that population structure was not concordant with the traditional subspecific taxonomy. They also revealed two potentially independent evolutionary lineages. A phylogeographic study from Wood et al. (2014; PLoS ONE e97494) using mtDNA and microsatellites indicates that C. o. annulata should be elevated to species status, while retaining two subspecies
C. a. annulata
and C. a. klauberi, that conform to patterns of genetic structure. The authors found no support for
C. o. talpina
and place it in synonomy with C. occipitalis."

C. o. annulata becomes: C. annulata annulata (Baird, 1859 “1858”) - Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
C. o. klauberi becomes: C. a. klauberi (Stickel, 1941) - Tucson Shovel-nosed Snake
C. o. occipitalis becomes: C. occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake
C. o. talpina becomes: C. occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake


Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)

Formerly: Chionactis occipitalis annulata

C. o. annulata -
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake (Stebbins 1966, 1985, 2003, 2012)
C. o. annulata -
desert snake - banded snake; colorado desert shovel-nosed snake; tricolor ground snake; tricolor spade-nosed snake (Wright & Wright 1957)
C. o. annulata -
(Stebbins 1954)
C. o. annulata -
Shovel-nosed ground snake (Klauber 1932)
Sonora occipitalis - Desert Burrowing Snake (Rhinostoma occipitale; Lamprosoma annulatum; Lamprosoma occipitale; Chionactis occipitalis; Chionactis occipitalis annulatus. Desert Snake; Mohave Ringed Snake) (Grinnell and Camp 1917)

Conservation Issues  (Conservation Status)
None
Taxonomy
Family Colubridae Colubrids
Genus Chionactis Shovel-nosed Snakes
Species annulata Resplendent Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Subspecies

annulata Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
Original Description
Chionactis occipitalis - (Hallowell, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95
Chionactis occipitalis annulata - (Baird, 1859) - U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., Pt. 2, p. 22, pl. 21

from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz

Meaning of the Scientific Name
Chionactis - Greek - chion - snow and aktis - ray or beam
occipitalis
- Latin - pertaining to the back of the head
annulata - Latin - ringed - referring to the banded body

from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
Alternate Names
None

Related or Similar California Snakes
C. occipitalis - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake
C. stramineus - Variable Sandsnake 
S. s. semiannulata - Variable Groundsnake
R. l. lecontei - Western Long-nosed Snake

More Information and References
California Department of Fish and Wildlife


Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M.  Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012.

Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972.

Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021.

Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018.

Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.

Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.

Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998.

Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Snakes of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009.

Bartlett, R. D. & Alan Tennant. Snakes of North America - Western Region. Gulf Publishing Co., 2000.

Brown, Philip R. A Field Guide to Snakes of California. Gulf Publishing Co., 1997.

Ernst, Carl H., Evelyn M. Ernst, & Robert M. Corker. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003.

Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, 1957.

Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208. July 11, 1917.

Conservation Status

The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the January 2024 State of California Special Animals List and the January 2024 Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California list (unless indicated otherwise below.) Both lists are produced by multiple agencies every year, and sometimes more than once per year, so the conservation status listing information found below might not be from the most recent lists. To make sure you are seeing the most recent listings, go to this California Department of Fish and Wildlife web page where you can search for and download both lists:
https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals.

A detailed explanation of the meaning of the status listing symbols can be found at the beginning of the two lists. For quick reference, I have included them on my Special Status Information page.

If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can also go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings.

This snake is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.


Organization Status Listing  Notes
NatureServe Global Ranking
NatureServe State Ranking
U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) None
California Endangered Species Act (CESA) None
California Department of Fish and Wildlife None
Bureau of Land Management None
USDA Forest Service None
IUCN

 

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